Assessing Shoulder Proprioceptive Sense of Force: Hand-Held Dynamometer Reliability and Comparison with Isokinetic Protocols
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Proprioception is crucial for shoulder stability, yet clinical methods for assessing all aspects, particularly the sense of force (SOF) -the ability to perceive, interpret, and reproduce force at a joint-are limited. The purpose of this study was to test a new SOF protocol with a handheld dynamometer (HHD) and examine its agreement with an isokinetic dynamometer (IKD), as well as its reliability and the effect of contraction intensity. Design: Cross-sectional measurement study. Methods: Fifty-one healthy participants were assessed for SOF using an Isokinetic dynamometer (IKD) and a HHD to evaluate the agreement between the two methods. Of the initial sample, 25 participants completed a second session with the HHD, enabling the evaluation of the protocol's reliability exclusively with this device. Error score were also compared between three different contraction intensities: 10%, 30% and 50% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs), standard error of measurement (SEM), and minimal detectable change (MDC) for intra-rater (within-day and between-day) and inter-rater (within-day) reliability while agreement between the tools was assessed using regression line method. Results: Agreement between devices was low with a poor correlation observed between measurements. The HHD SOF protocol showed low to moderate reliability for intra-rater between-day assessments, with ICCs from 0.44 to 0.64. The absolute reliability MDC95 ranged from 12% to 42%. Inter-rater within-day reliability was low, with ICCs from 0.007 to 0.43. Significant differences in error scores were observed between the HHD and IKD at 30% and 50% MVIC, and higher error scores were noted at Target 10% MVIC compared to 30% and 50%. Conclusions: The SOF protocol using HHD demonstrates moderate reliability but low inter-rater reliability. Different tools yield varying results, with force intensity impacting SOF error scores, while rotation does not. Level of evidence: 2b.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it