Polarized Tissue-Derived Macrophages Display Enhanced M2d Phenotype after Prolonged Stimulation with Adenosine A2A Receptor Agonist in the Presence of LPS
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Macrophages (Mφ) are innate immune cells known for their different activation phenotypes, classically described as falling within two broad categories, M1 and M2. The latter were originally described as alternatively activated M2 cells to differentiate them from classically activated M1 cells. M2 cells were later classified into M2a (interleukin (IL)-4), M2b (immune complex), M2c (IL-10) and M2d (5-(N-ethylcarboxamido) adenosine (NECA) + lipopolysaccharide (LPS)) based on their inducing stimuli. Considering the established role of M2d/tumour-associated macrophage (TAM) cells within cancer initiation and proliferation, expanding on the knowledge of M2d characteristics can provide fundamental information for Mφ targeted immunotherapy. The precise characterization of M2d cells derived from tissues has not been described in detail. METHODS: Our study focused on spleen-derived macrophages (SpM), which were also compared to bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). RESULTS: By investigating different conditions for M2d-specific stimulation and employing various assays including functional tests, we show how Mφ M2d (NECA + LPS) polarization can be affected by prolonged culture conditions to induce a phenotype that was clearly different from M2a cells. CONCLUSION: This work offers new insights into the properties of primary M2d Mφ following extended stimulation with LPS and NECA.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it