Influence of Nozzle Convergence Angle on the Flow Characteristics of Synthetic Jets in a Turbulent Crossflow Boundary Layer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The effect of nozzle convergence angle of a circular synthetic jet actuator issuing into a turbulent crossflow is investigated using unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulations. The study examines three convergence angles, 30 deg, 45 deg, and 90 deg with constant neck and jet-exit diameters, actuation frequency, and amplitude. The crossflow Reynolds number is based on the momentum thickness, Reθ=895 and boundary layer thickness, δ/d=7.75, where d is the jet-exit diameter. The results showed that the jet-exit momentum was significantly enhanced as the convergence angle increased. The increased jet momentum resulted in enhanced mixing in the near field of the jet, rapid development of hairpin vortices attached to the wall, and deeper penetration of these vortices into the crossflow boundary layer. The hairpins and near-wall tertiary vortices promoted sweep and ejection motions, which enhanced wall shear stress in the actuated cases, demonstrating greater potential for flow separation control, particularly for the nozzle with a 90 deg convergence angle.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".