Upcycling of Livestock Industry Blood Waste into Bioplastics: Plasma Protein-Based Amyloid Fibrils
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study presents a novel approach to harnessing the underutilized resource of livestock blood plasma proteins to produce bioplastic films based on amyloid fibrils. Upon acidic heating, a 20-h incubation period resulted in mature, semiflexible fibrils with an average length of 0.65 μm and a persistence length of 261 nm. Characterization using Thioflavin T intensity, circular dichroism, and FTIR spectroscopy revealed a cross-β-sheet structure stabilized by hydrogen bonding. The integration of plasma protein amyloid fibrils with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) or methyl cellulose (MC) yielded bioplastic films that exhibit smooth and homogeneous micromorphology, enhanced toughness, and water stability, with PVA-based films demonstrating an exceptional elongation of ∼300%, suitable for food packaging applications. Compared to petroleum-based plastics, plasma amyloid fibril-incorporated films demonstrated a superior sustainability footprint (∼92%). This work underscores the potential of plasma protein amyloid fibrils in bioplastic applications, aligning with the global imperative for eco-friendly waste management and a circular economy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".