Associations between self-reported ADHD symptoms and depression and anxiety in mothers and fathers during the postpartum period: A Canadian nationwide longitudinal study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may be a risk factor for intra- and inter-parental affective disorders in the perinatal period, placing families at risk for negative outcomes. A large prospective cohort of Canadian women and their male partners ( N = 2544 couples) were recruited in the postpartum period. Repeated measures data were collected at baseline and six timepoints over 24-months postpartum. Self-reported ADHD symptoms were measured at baseline, and depression/anxiety were measured at all timepoints. Generalized estimating equations examined associations between possible ADHD and ADHD symptoms with new depression, anxiety, and comorbidity. Cross-parental associations were explored. Compared to mothers without, those with possible ADHD had higher odds of depression (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.70, 95 % CI [1.13–2.56]), anxiety (aOR = 1.74 [1.30–2.34]), and comorbidity (aOR = 1.66, [1.06–2.60]), at 3–24 months postpartum. Maternal ADHD symptoms were associated with anxiety in fathers (aOR = 1.03 [1.01–1.06] for 1-unit increase in symptoms) at 3–24-months. When compared to fathers without, those with possible ADHD had higher odds of depression (aOR = 2.33 [1.78–3.05]), anxiety (aOR = 2.02, [1.60–2.55]), and comorbidity (aOR = 2.05, [1.51–2.79]), as well as paternal ADHD symptoms associated with depression (aOR = 1.05, [1.01–1.08] for 1-unit increase in symptoms) and comorbidity (aOR = 1.04 [1.00–1.08] for 1-unit increase in symptoms) in mothers at 3–24-months. Self-reported measures. Parental ADHD in the postpartum period is associated with depression and anxiety among mothers and fathers. Paternal ADHD was a risk for maternal mental health problems in the early postpartum period, and maternal ADHD was a risk for paternal mental health problems in the late postpartum period. • Longitudinal data examined associations between parental ADHD and postpartum affective disorders. • Depression rates ranged from 7.2 to 8.6 % for fathers and 4.7–7.2 % for mothers from 3 to 24 months postpartum. • Anxiety rates ranged from 15.6 to 16.7 % for fathers and 18.5–19.2 % for mothers from 3 to 24 months postpartum. • Maternal ADHD was associated with maternal anxiety and depression, as well as paternal anxiety. • Paternal ADHD was associated with paternal anxiety and depression, as well as maternal depression.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".