Flame stability of Ammonia-LPG Fuel Blend- An Experimental Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
NH3 as an alternate fuel is gaining huge importance in the recent past owing to the urgency to mitigate global warming caused by conventional hydrocarbon fuels.However, NH3 because of its low laminar flame speed and reactivity when compared to those of conventional hydrocarbon fuels, needs to be blended with conventional fuels for it to be a viable alternative.In this paper, NH3 in various proportions is blended with LPG.Experiments are conducted using a single slot burner of 17.3 mm inner diameter for different combinations of parameters like (i) mixing ratios of NH3 and LPG in fuel mixture, (ii) low power ratings (0.1 to 1.1 kW) and (iii) percentages of partial premixing with air (0% to 30%).Analysis of varying the aforementioned parameters is done using flame photographs and trends in flame length data.This is followed by a stability map for different configurations which divides the flames into different regimes of (A) steady flames, (B) stable flames with oscillating tip, (C) flames with vortex shedding, and (D) unstable flames with lift-off.An increase in partial premixing is observed to have a stabilising effect (making flames transition from the regime of vortex shedding to that with oscillating tips) accompanied by shortening of the average flame length, whereas an increase in power rating has the opposite effect.Stable and steady flames are observed with either lower percentage of partial premixing coupled with higher concentrations of NH3 or higher percentage of partial premixing coupled with lower concentrations of NH3.Additionally, the effect of increasing NH3 volume fractions in the fuel mixture on adiabatic flame temperature, NO, CO and CO2 production is also studied using equilibrium calculations and the results are reported.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".