Maternal mechanisms in air pollution exposure-related adverse pregnancy outcomes: A systematic review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Air pollution exposure is linked to various adverse health effects including cardiopulmonary, neurological and reproductive outcomes. Susceptible populations such as pregnant women and infants can be affected to a greater extent compared to healthy individuals. Thus, understanding air pollutant exposure-related toxicity pathways in pregnancy can provide information on developmental origin of health and diseases in both mothers and infants. The objective of this literature review was to explore maternal mechanisms underlying the association between air pollutant exposures and adverse maternal/infant health effects. A total of 209 articles published from 1996 until November 2024 were retrieved using PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science using relevant search terms (e.g. “Air Pollution” AND “Maternal” AND “Infant” AND “Health” AND “Biomarker”). After screening and removal of articles based on exclusion criteria, 36 observational studies were included for the final analysis. There were relatively fewer articles on air pollution exposure-related adverse maternal health effects compared to air-pollution-related adverse infant health effects. Of these articles selected for the final review, 32 studies compared the effects of particulate matter (PM), PM 2.5 , few on other (gaseous) pollutants and one study on effects of mixtures of air pollutants. Adverse maternal health effects included hypertensive disorders, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and clinically recognized early pregnancy loss, while adverse infant health effects ranged from low birth weight, preterm birth, changes in fetal heart rate, crown rump length and fetal hyperinsulinism. Moreover, oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, endothelial and metabolic dysfunction were some of the mechanisms implicated in air pollution exposure-related adverse birth outcomes. These findings warrant further validation work and identification of maternal mechanism(s) constituting the causal pathway. • Prenatal air pollution exposure is related to adverse maternal & infant health effects. • Air pollution-related maternal hypertension appeared to be linked to vascular effects. • Oxidative stress and inflammation were linked to air pollution exposure related PTB, LBW.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.017 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.007 | 0.007 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.009 | 0.011 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".