INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES AND RISKS OF GENITOURINARY CANCERS: A SYSTEMIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract INTRODUCTION Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), encompassing Crohn’s Disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC), are chronic conditions marked by gastrointestinal inflammation. These diseases are associated with a heightened risk of various complications, including certain cancers—both intestinal and extra-intestinal. This study aims to perform a meta-analysis of recent literature to assess whether IBD increases the risk of genitourinary cancers. METHODS We conducted a systematic search on PubMed from inception to October 2024, supplemented by a manual search to identify population-based studies exploring the association between IBD and genitourinary cancers, including renal cell carcinoma, bladder cancer, and prostate cancer. Two reviewers independently applied predefined inclusion criteria. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was utilized to evaluate the risk of bias in the included studies. Meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan software, using the random-effects model and the generic inverse variance method to calculate the pooled risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and I2 statistics. RESULTS Out of 960 reviewed studies, 20 met the inclusion criteria for the final meta-analysis. Our findings indicate that IBD is nearing statistical significance in its association with an increased risk of prostate cancer (RR 1.32, 95% CI 0.99-1.78) and renal cell carcinoma (RR 1.58, 95% CI 1.00-2.49). Subgroup analyses revealed a statistically significant association between UC and an increased risk of prostate cancer (RR 1.25, 95% CI 1.07-1.42) as well as renal cell carcinoma (RR 1.47, 95% CI 1.17-1.86). Additionally, CD demonstrated a borderline association with prostate cancer (RR 1.09, CI 0.97-1.22) and bladder cancer (RR 1.38, CI 0.98-1.96). CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis, based on a substantial sample size, indicates that patients with UC face a significantly higher risk of developing prostate cancer and renal cell carcinoma. Meanwhile, CD seemed to be correlated with an increased risk of prostate cancer and bladder cancer. Overall, IBD appeared to be associated with a heightened risk of prostate cancer and renal cell carcinoma. The association with prostate cancer was close to being present in both subgroup analyses and overall IBD, while that of renal cell carcinoma and bladder cancer was almost present in either UC or CD. These findings warrant further investigation into potential mechanisms, including the roles of chronic inflammation and genetic predisposition. Future studies are essential to determine the necessity for enhanced genitourinary cancer screening among IBD patients.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.013 | 0.027 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.016 | 0.042 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.009 | 0.010 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".