The Influence of the Visual Design of Spaces on Female Speakers’ Vocal Effort: An Exploratory Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Vocal effort, as defined by Hunter et al, is a subjective perceptual phenomenon influenced by individual and environmental factors. This study investigates the impact of visual room design on vocal effort and measurable vocal demand response, which includes acoustic metrics such as sound pressure level, fundamental frequency ( f o ), and cepstral peak prominence. Twenty female participants performed speech tasks in two acoustically identical rooms that differed visually: an undecorated room (Room A) and a visually stimulating, classroom-like room (Room B). Participants reported significantly lower vocal effort on a visual analog scale in Room A compared with Room B ( P < 0.001), suggesting that visual design can modulate subjective vocal experience. However, acoustic measures of vocal demand response revealed no significant differences between the two environments. These findings reinforce the need to explore multimodal influences on vocal effort, emphasizing the role of visual environments in shaping perceptual experiences of voice use without altering acoustic output. Implications for experimental design and therapeutic interventions are discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".