Cold Alkali Treatment Enabled Stretchable yet Mechanically Strong All-Cellulose Composite
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Biodegradable cellulose films are promising alternatives to plastics, but achieving stretchable all-cellulose composites (ACCs) remains challenging. Here, we present a scalable strategy for creating stretchable yet mechanically strong ACCs. This approach integrates swollen-regenerated microfibers with dissolution-regenerated cellulose to form multiscale architectures, achieved through mechanical pretreatments and cold NaOH treatment of kraft pulp, followed by vacuum filtration and press-drying. Swollen-regenerated microfibers establish preferential sacrificial networks that enhance mechanical strength through nanofiber pull-out, while dissolution-regenerated cellulose matrix facilitates nanoscale load transfer, maintaining ductility. The ACC achieves a tensile strength of 89.0 MPa, a strain to failure of 24.7%, and a work of fracture of 17.3 MJ m –3 ─1.3 times stronger, 1.5 times more stretchable, and 3.8 times tougher than microfibrillated cellulose films. With added benefits of wet strength, grease resistance, oxygen barrier property, and biodegradability, this work demonstrates a scalable approach to engineering multiscale cellulose networks for sustainable packaging.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".