Protected area edges host more warm-dwelling bird communities than the rest of the landscape
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Protected areas can mitigate climate-driven changes in species' abundances and community compositions. However, protected areas vary in size and habitat composition as do areas outside them. Our knowledge of how ecological communities are changing in a landscape under climate change and at the interface between protected and unprotected land is scarce. Here, we evaluated if the temperature niche composition of bird communities changed with the distance to the protected area edge, and whether this change was mediated by habitat type and heterogeneity. We used long-term monitoring data on breeding birds from Canada during 1997–2019. We analysed the variation in average temperature niche of bird communities' using the community temperature index (CTI) that allows quantifying the relative dominance of warm- or cold-dwelling species, and the impact of environmental change on communities' thermal signature. We found a lower CTI value indicating dominance of cold-dwelling species in the core of protected areas and far outside them, while edges are characterised by warmer-dwelling communities. Over time, we observed a similar increase in CTI inside and outside protected areas. CTI change over time depended on the habitat type, with fastest shifts in broadleaf forests. Our results suggest that the management of the entire landscape, habitat type and edge distance, may mediate climate change responses of wildlife communities. Minimising the edge effect of protected areas under climate change will be key, especially for preserving cold-adapted wildlife communities at high latitudes.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".