Bibliographic record
Abstract
The first cable-stayed bridge in the US was built in 1971, exactly fifteen years after the Stromsund, the first world cable-stayed bridge in Sweden. Today, more than sixty cable-stayed bridges are part of the roads and highway network in the US. Construction technology and advanced methods of research in material science have been significant factors for developing cable-stayed bridges in the US. New advanced materials that were recently implemented in bridge technology include Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (UHPC), high strength low alloy steel, stainless steel for reinforcement, and carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers. Advanced methods in structural health monitoring were very important in inspiring the widespread adoption of this type of construction because they facilitated reliable methods of inspection and maintenance of these structures. The new technologies incorporated into hardware over the past 40 years have improved methods of analysis and design of cable stayed bridges. Evolution in methods of analysis such as Finite element methods and their incorporation in state of art the software contributed to the enhancement of this practice in the US and around the world. Spans of highway cable-stayed bridges in the US range from 100 m to 506 m with the exception of the Gordie Howe International Bridge in Michigan expected to be operational in 2024. This range is significantly less than those of bridges in some other parts of the world. The main reason is that the US has been ahead of the rest of the world in building long span bridges. Most of the spans beyond 506 m are covered by suspension bridges since the late thirties of the last century. Suspension bridges have been existing and taken care of for several decades. Examples include but not limited to the Bronx-Whitestone Bridge in New York City, with a main span of 700 m; the Walt Whitman Bridge connecting Philadelphia to Camden New Jersey, with a main span of 610 m; the multi-span San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge, with a main span 704 m and more. Currently retiring suspension bridges in the US are being replaced with cable-stayed bridges such as the Waldo-Hancock in Maine (main span 244 m), which has been replaced with the Penobscot Narrows Bridge (main span 348 m). Only selected bridges from different States are discussed in detail herein.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.021 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".