A cross-sectional survey of endourology expertise and practice among urologists in Nigeria
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Endourology, a minimally invasive subspecialty of urology, has transformed the diagnosis and management of various urological conditions. Despite its advances and global adoption, access to endourology treatment remains limited in Nigeria. There is inadequate information on the availability of expertise, equipment, and the training needs of urologists across the country. Objective This study assessed the level of endourology expertise among Nigerian urologists, examining their training background, proficiency in various endourological procedures, availability of equipment, and the challenges they face in adopting advanced techniques. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among practising urologists in Nigeria. A structured questionnaire covering areas such as demographic data, training in endourology, types of endourological procedures performed, availability of appropriate equipment, and perceived barriers to further skill acquisition was administered. Responses were analysed using descriptive statistics. Results In total, 63 (42%) of the estimated 150 practising urologists in Nigeria responded. While most urologists had basic endourology training, only a minority performed complex procedures routinely. Only 23% performed percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and 8% performed holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HOLEP) as part of their routine work. The availability of modern endourological equipment, including flexible ureteroscopes and laser machines, was limited to a few centres in major cities. Significant barriers to advancing endourology expertise included lack of specialised training opportunities, limited access to modern equipment, and funding constraints. Conclusion Endourology expertise among Nigerian urologists is limited by insufficient access to advanced training and equipment. There is a need for structured training programs and increased investment in modern endourological tools to bridge the gap in skills and enhance urological care in the country.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".