Pancreatic stone protein as a novel biomarker of microvascular complications in type II diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A BSTRACT Objectives: Pancreatic stone protein (PSP) has been identified as an indicator of systemic stress and is elevated in individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), potentially serving as a prognostic marker for both the onset and progression of the disease. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis 2020 guidelines. Articles were sourced from MEDLINE, ProQuest, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library electronic databases. Studies included are all observational studies examining PSP/Reg1α serum levels in patients with T2DM. The quality of the study was evaluated using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale, as well as Review Manager 5.4 to perform the meta-analysis. Results: Seven studies met the criteria for inclusion. Pooled analysis revealed significant differences in PSP values between T2DM individuals and healthy controls (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 2.14, 95% confidence interval CI: 1.05–1.92, P < 0.00001). Further subgroup analysis showed PSP was substantially higher in T2DM with complications (SMD = −1.57, 95% CI: −2.12 to −1.02, P < 0.00001) compared to T2DM without complications (SMD = −1.39, 95% CI: −2.17 to − 0.61) and newly diagnosed T2DM (SMD = −1.85, 95% CI: −2.96 to −0.74). Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations demonstrated moderate quality of evidence. Conclusion: Our analysis revealed a progressive elevation in PSP values concomitant with the worsening T2DM disease state across the entire spectrum. PSP exhibits promising potential as a biomarker for predicting both disease initiation and subsequent clinical course.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.012 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".