Evolution of drought resistance strategies following the introduction of white clover ( <i>Trifolium repens</i> L.)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Success during colonization is likely to depend on growing quickly and tolerating novel and stressful environmental conditions. However, rapid growth, stress avoidance and stress tolerance are generally considered divergent physiological strategies. METHODS: We evaluated how white clover (Trifolium repens) has evolved to a divergent water regime following introduction to North America. We conducted RNA sequencing within a dry-down experiment using accessions from low- and high-latitude populations from native and introduced ranges and assessed variation in dehydration avoidance (ability to avoid wilting) and dehydration tolerance (ability to survive wilting). KEY RESULTS: Introduced populations were better at avoiding dehydration, but poorer at tolerating dehydration than native populations. There was a strong negative correlation between avoidance and tolerance traits, and expression of most drought-associated genes exhibited similar trade-offs. Candidate genes with expression strongly associated with dehydration avoidance were linked to stress signalling, closing stomata and producing osmoprotectants. However, genes with expression linked to dehydration tolerance were associated with avoiding excessive production of reactive oxygen species and toxic bioproducts of stress responses. Several candidate genes showed differential expression patterns between native and introduced ranges and could underlie differences in drought resistance syndromes between ranges. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that there has been strong selection following introduction for dehydration avoidance at the cost of surviving dehydration. More broadly, trade-offs between dehydration avoidance and tolerance responses are likely to exist at both the genetic and phenotypic scales that will influence evolutionary responses and potentially limit the global spectrum of plant form and function.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".