CO2-water-rock Reactions and Metal Mobilization: A CO2 Storage Demonstration Site in the Surat Basin
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary Demonstration scale CO2 geological storage has been proposed in the lower Precipice Sandstone, Surat Basin, Australia. The Evergreen Formation is the overlying seal (cap-rock), and the Moolayember Formation of the Bowen Basin the underlying formation (bottom seal). CTSCo has drilled several wells for feasibility studies. The potential for CO2-water-rock reactions to release metals to low salinity groundwater was a potential risk since the site is within the Great Artesian Basin. Metals were hosted in several minerals in the West Wandoan 1 well rock cores, with total concentrations higher in the Moolayember Formation and reservoir mudstones, than in the reservoir sandstones. Drill cores were reacted with supercritical CO2 or impure CO2-SO2-NO-O2 at in situ conditions. Minerals including calcite, ankerite, siderite, Fe-rich chlorite, and sulphides reacted. Dissolved Ca, Mn, Zn, Rb, etc. were released at variable concentrations dependant on the rock mineral content and gas stream. Fe and Pb generally increased initially, then decreased as Fe-oxyhydroxide minerals precipitated especially in the presence of O2. Carbonates were the main sources of metals as they dissolved more readily, with some release from ion exchange/desorption. Ultimately, a reactive transport model built from the data predicted that water quality impacts were restricted to the CO2 plume.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".