Emotional events induce retrograde memory impairments on conceptually-related neutral events
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Emotional events are known to be prioritized during episodic encoding, leading to more detailed recollections compared to neutral events. Encoding an emotional event can influence the mnemonic fate of preceding or subsequent neutral events. Studies examining the impact of emotion on memory for neighboring neutral events have produced inconsistent results, which could be due to differences in the conceptual association between emotional and neutral stimuli. To test this idea, we conducted two behavioural experiments in which participants viewed one neutral and one emotional video clip from the same television series (Bates Motel) or from two different sources (emotional video from Bates Motel, neutral video from An Education). In both experiments, we manipulated the order in which participants viewed the videos - one group viewed the neutral video before the emotional video and the other group viewed the neutral video after the emotional video - and tested memory for all videos using free recall. We found that encoding a neutral video before, but not after an emotional video impaired recall, illustrating a retrograde impairment. Critically, this impairment only occurred when the videos were conceptually related, as in Experiment 1. In contrast, there was no indication of a retrograde impairment when the videos were not related, as in Experiment 2. Thus, a conceptual relationship is crucial for emotional events to imbue a retrograde impairment on neutral event memory.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".