Effects of Ozone and Biological Degradation on the Removal and Transformation of Highly Hydrophilic DOC in a Conventional Water Treatment Process
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study examined the removal and transformation of total dissolved organic carbon (tDOC) and its hydrophilic fraction (HPI) in a full-scale water treatment plant utilizing coagulation/softening, ozonation, and biologically active filters (BAFs). The plant is supplied by high-DOC riverine water (9.9 ± 0.1 mg/L), with primarily hydrophilic DOC (HPI = 83%). The coagulation/softening units reduced HPI DOC by ~42%, leaving the hydrophobic DOC concentration unchanged. The treatment altered the characteristics of HPI fractions; HPI DOC displayed lower SUVA and higher percentages of low molecular weight compounds (LMWs < 1 kDa) and specific trihalomethane formation potential (STHMFP) than the raw water HPI. The plant’s 0.4 mg O3/mg-C ozone dose decreased SUVA but did not alter DOC biodegradability. Increasing the ozone dose to 1 mg O3/mg-C converted all DOC to HPI, enhanced biodegradability from 6.3% to 26%, and lowered STHMFP from 73.4 to 11 µg/mg-C. A 28-day biodegradation increased the percentage of LMWs while decreasing the proportion of compounds with MW > 1 kDa, so we could not confirm that LMWs were more biodegradable than larger compounds. The STHMFP of the Coag/Soft water treated by 1 mgO3/mg-C increased to 60 ± 7 µg/mg-C after biodegradation due to the formation of LMWs.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it