Global Model of Atmospheric Chlorate on Earth
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Naturally occurring chlorate (ClO 3 − ) has been observed on Earth and potentially plays important roles in hydrology and mineralogy on Mars. However, natural sources of chlorate are uncertain. Here, we quantify the importance of atmospheric sources of chlorate. We use GEOS‐Chem, a global three‐dimensional chemical transport model, to simulate the formation, photochemical loss, transport, and deposition of atmospheric chlorate on present‐day Earth. We also develop a method to estimate the 17 O‐excess (∆ 17 O) and the 36 Cl‐to‐total‐Cl ratio ( 36 Cl/Cl) of atmospheric chlorate to interpret the observed isotopic composition of chlorate accumulated in desert soils. The model predicts that gas‐phase chemistry can produce 15 Gg Cl year −1 of chloric acid (HClO 3 ), which predominantly is taken up by aerosols to form particulate chlorate. Comparing the model with observations suggests that particulate chlorate undergoes chemical loss in the atmosphere, which controls the amount reaching Earth's surface. We show that the initial ∆ 17 O that atmospheric chlorate acquires during formation would be erased rapidly in acidic aerosols due to the exchange of oxygen atoms with water. The analysis of 36 Cl/Cl does not preclude a partial stratospheric origin for chlorate deposits in the Atacama Desert. In Death Valley, aqueous‐phase oxidation of oxychlorine species and anthropogenic activities potentially have greater influence. Our findings highlight the need for more observations of atmospheric chlorate and laboratory measurements of its reactivity in acidic conditions. Atmospheric chemistry should be considered in the future studies of the origin of chlorate on Mars.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".