Modeling compression behaviors of freeze-thaw-impacted soils extending the disturbed state concept
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigates the volumetric behaviors of various soils during freeze-thaw (FT) cycles and subsequent one-dimensional (1D) compression from experimental and theoretical studies. Experimental studies were performed on saturated expansive soil specimens with varying compaction conditions and soil structures under different stress states. Experimental results demonstrate that the specimens expand during freezing and contract during thawing. All specimens converge to the same residual void ratio after seven FT cycles, irrespective of their different initial void ratio, stress state, and soil structure. The compression index of the expansive soil specimens increases with the initial void ratio, whereas their swelling index remains nearly constant. A model extending the disturbed state concept (DSC) is proposed to predict the 1D compression behaviors of FT-impacted soils. The model incorporates a parameter, β , to account for the impacts of FT cycles. Empirical equations have been developed to link the key model parameters (i.e. the normalized yield stress and parameter β ) to the soil state parameter (i.e. the normalized void ratio) in order to simplify the prediction approach. The proposed model well predicts the results of the tested expansive soil. In addition, the model’s feasibility for other types of soils, including low- and high-plastic clays, and high-plastic organic soils, has been validated using published data from the literature. The proposed model is simple yet reliable for predicting the compression behaviors of soils subjected to FT cycles.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".