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Record W4408364864 · doi:10.2166/9781789065015_0239

Nature-based solutions in the solid waste management framework in San Carlos City, Philippines

2025· book-chapter· en· W4408364864 on OpenAlex
Jeanger P. Juanga-Labayen, Ildefonso V. Labayen, Qiuyan Yuan

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueIWA Publishing eBooks · 2025
Typebook-chapter
Languageen
FieldEnvironmental Science
TopicMunicipal Solid Waste Management
Canadian institutionsUniversity of Manitoba
Fundersnot available
KeywordsSolid waste managementMunicipal solid wasteEnvironmental planningGeographyWaste managementEngineering

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Abstract Solid waste management (SWM) in many cities in the Philippines remains an escalating challenge, even after the ‘Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000’ or Republic Act (RA) 9003 came into effect. The San Carlos City is one of the local government units in the Negros Occidental province, which is committed to its solid waste management plan (SWMP) and RA 9003. The city successfully surpassed the minimum requirement of a 25% municipal solid waste diversion rate from landfills by utilizing low-cost technology and community involvement. This study utilizes the awareness, action, and advancement framework on the top priority areas of SWM in San Carlos City: the information, education, and communication and the SWMP including the eco-center. The community's awareness saturation is crucial during the initial stages of the law implementation. Action and advancement analysis reveals that the SWMP should adopt innovative nature-based solutions through scaling up the windrow composting and vermicomposting facilities and landfill gas recovery. Other potential green technologies such as fermentation, anaerobic digestion, and bioremediation transform organic waste into valuable resources. The city's environmental management system should consider green infrastructures inspired by nature-based solutions to enhance its sustainable SWM program.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.002
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMeta-epidemiology (narrow), Scholarly communication, Research integrity
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Other · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.627
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0020.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0010.001
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0010.000
Bibliometrics0.0010.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0010.000
Open science0.0030.002
Research integrity0.0010.003
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0010.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.025
GPT teacher head0.257
Teacher spread0.232 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it