The Impact of Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports on Office Discipline Referrals in Quebec Schools: A Descriptive Analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The effectiveness of Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) in reducing major misbehavior has been demonstrated in many research studies. However, no research on the effects of PBIS on student behavior has been conducted in Quebec and other French-speaking regions. This study focuses on the results of PBIS implementation in Quebec schools in Canada. This article presents results following implementation in three secondary schools and one elementary school that recorded Office Discipline Referrals (ODRs) for the year preceding PBIS implementation and the following 3 years of PBIS implementation. An average annual rate of ODRs per student was calculated for each school and for each year. The results show a reduction in the average annual rate of ODRs per student in each of the 3 years following the implementation of PBIS. In total, there was a 78% reduction in the number of ODRs in Year 3 of PBIS across the four schools. The article also discusses the features of PBIS implementation in Quebec.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".