Synthesis of uniform core‐shell calcium hydroxide‐calcium carbonate biocidal particles via encapsulation into dry ice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This study introduces a novel synthesis method for core‐shell calcium hydroxide‐calcium carbonate (CSCC) biocidal particles by inducing a phase change in liquid , thereby coating in dry ice. Despite their benign nature, literature sources on the preparation and antimicrobial efficacy of CSCC particles is very scarce. The formation of dry ice, driven by heterogeneous nucleation, efficiently carbonates the surface of particles while preventing the particles from aggregation. X‐ray diffraction verified the particle structure, while thermogravimetric analysis determined their bulk composition. Much higher carbonation, 55 wt.%, could be achieved relative to literature work. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed 94 wt.% surface carbonation, suggesting a core‐shell structure. Microtomy tests also revealed a core‐shell structure with average sizes of 20–170 nm. CSCC particles displayed appreciable antibacterial activity, achieving complete eradication of both gram‐positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram‐negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa at a concentration of 2.5 mg/mL. Additionally, surface testing revealed CSCC effectiveness in eliminating E. coli within 10 min, highlighting CSCC potential as a potent antimicrobial agent.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".