Development of a Finite-Difference–Discrete-Element Coupled Model for Ram-Compacted Bearing Base Piles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ram-compacted bearing base (RBB) piles have been utilized as an effective foundation technique in China over the last 20 years. RBB is an enlarged technique for base piling that has proven to be a more economical and environmentally friendly solution than traditional piling methods. However, this technique remains unexplored in Western countries, and there have been only limited studies on the modeling and design of RBB piles. This paper discusses the development of three-dimensional (3D) numerical modeling of RBB piles by coupling the finite-difference method (FDM) and the discrete-element method (DEM). The explicit FDM program FLAC3D (version 7.0) was used to simulate the behavior of soil surrounding the pile wherein the material is represented by a number of continuum zones. The 3D DEM software Particle Flow Code (PFC3D7.0) was also used to simulate the flow and interaction of rubble particles through deformable contacts and time-domain solution of the equation of motion. The strengthened layer where the rubble base is constructed was simulated using a bonded particle model. The performance of the developed FDM-DEM model was then validated by comparing its results with site test results obtained from three case histories, and the outcomes were found to be in good agreement.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".