David Parrott. <i>1652: The Cardinal, the Prince, and the Crisis of the ‘Fronde’</i>.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
French historian Denis Richet wrote that the Fronde was “an infantile disease of absolutism.” He thus placed this episode of civil unrest, which shook the Kingdom of France from 1648 to 1652, within an inexorable chain of events leading up to the reign of Louis XIV. The frondeurs, as its instigators were called, have generally been portrayed as either representatives of retrograde forces concerned first and foremost with defending their privileges against the rise of the state, or as visionaries anticipating the revolutionary chaos of the late eighteenth century. It is also clear that they were doomed to fail in light of the French government’s march toward modernity initiated by Cardinal Richelieu and then continued by Cardinal Mazarin, Anne of Austria’s chief minister when she served as regent for her young son Louis XIV. This failure perhaps explains why historians have shown little interest in the latter stages of the revolt. And yet, according to David Parrott, the year 1652 was a “distinct historical moment with decisive and lasting consequences” that recalls to mind the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire. Neither Mazarin nor the great nobles who led the struggle against him were driven by a deep concern for the values that had guided France for centuries or for the future of France and its people, starting with the king and members of his nobility. Rather, much like Augustus and his adversaries, they “systematically hollowed out the values and ideas of the Republic, maintaining only a veneer of outward constitutional forms under which factional and personal interests dominated political decision-making and the allocation of power and resources” (9). The Fronde essentially died out in 1652, giving way to a newfound stability, but the words and actions that characterized those four tumultuous years continued to make their influence felt. And not in a good way, for they were words and actions “from which the recourse to service, loyalty, and obligation was notably absent” (10).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.007 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".