Bibliographic record
Abstract
Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is one of the founder crops domesticated for oil and fiber uses in the Near-Eastern Fertile Crescent, but its domestication history remains largely elusive. Genetic inferences so far have expanded our knowledge in several aspects of flax domestication such as the wild progenitor, the first use of domesticated flax, and domestication events. However, little is known about flax domestication processes involving multiple domestication events. This study applied genotyping-by-sequencing to infer flax domestication processes. Ninety-three Linum samples representing four flax domestication groups (oilseed, fiber, winter and capsular dehiscence) and its wild progenitor (or pale flax; L. bienne Mill.) were sequenced. SNP calling identified 16,998 SNPs that were widely distributed across 15 flax chromosomes. Diversity analysis found that pale flax had the largest nucleotide diversity, followed by indehiscent, winter, oilseed and fiber cultivated flax. Pale flax seemed to be under population contraction, while the other four domestication groups were under population expansion after bottleneck. Demographic inferences showed that five Linum groups carried clear genetic signals of multiple mixture events that were associated largely with oilseed flax. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that oilseed, fiber and winter flax formed two separate phylogenetic subclades. One subclade had abundant winter flax, along with some oilseed and fiber flax, mainly originating in the Near East and nearby regions. The other subclade mainly had oilseed and fiber flax originating from Europe and other parts of the world. Dating genetic divergences with an assumption of 10,000 years before present (BP) of flax domestication revealed that oilseed and fiber flax spread to Europe 5800 years BP and domestication for winter hardiness occurred in the Near East 5100 years BP. These findings provide new significant insights into flax domestication processes.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".