Pooled prevalence and associated factors of ECG abnormality among type 2 diabetic patients in the last ten years: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a global epidemic affecting millions of individuals worldwide. It is considered a chronic metabolic disorder of impaired glucose homeostasis, associated with various long-term complications and poor prognosis of cardiovascular performance. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to determine the pooled prevalence of ECG abnormality among type 2 diabetic patients both in the hospital setting and the general population based on the existing literature. METHODS: This systematic review has been conducted on the ECG abnormality of patients with Type 2 diabetes. Following the establishment of eligibility criteria, a literature search was conducted using three databases and two search engines. Included articles were then screened, critically appraised, and data extracted independently by two reviewers, and any disagreements were handled by the involvement of a third party. The quality of the included studies had been assessed using the New Castle Ottawa quality assessment scale tool. Pooled prevalence and sensitivity were determined by random effect analysis. Heterogeneity was assessed by Higgins's I2, and its presence was alleviated by using sub-group analysis. RESULT: Following the identification of 32, 785 studies, 33 publications were eligible for the review with a sample size of 31, 449. The pooled prevalence of ECG abnormality among Type 2 diabetic patients was 31% (95% CI: 25, 36%). It was 26% (95% CI: 1, 51%), and 31% (95% CI: 24, 37%) in the hospital and general/ community population, respectively. Body mass index (AOR = 5.90; 95%CI: 4.96, 7.03), duration of diabetic mellitus (AOR = 9.21; 95%CI: 9.12, 9.31), and being hypertensive (AOR = 5.17; 95%CI: 4.90, 5.46), were significantly associated factors with ECG abnormality among patients with Type 2 diabetic mellitus. CONCLUSION: The pooled prevalence of ECG abnormality among Type 2 diabetic mellitus patients was high, while its magnitude was higher among patients attending hospital settings than in the community. Duration of diabetic mellitus, high body mass index and presence of hypertension were significant factors in this review. Moreover, we advise more longitudinal researches to determine the incidence of ECG abnormality among patients with diabetes considering time duration and sex differences. ETHICAL CONSIDERATION: Since our study was on the review of secondary data, ethical issues are not necessary.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.014 | 0.039 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.021 | 0.039 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.009 | 0.010 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".