Associations Between Screen Exposure, Home Media Environments, and Indicators of School Readiness in Toddlers and Preschoolers from Kakamega County, Kenya
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective . Early childhood screen-time impacts school readiness, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This study examined associations between screen-time and readiness for formal schooling among toddlers and preschoolers in Kakamega County, Kenya. Methods. A cross-sectional study of 144 children aged 2 to 5 years was conducted using the Denver II developmental screening and ECDI2030 to assess school readiness. Parent-reported questionnaires captured demographic data and screen media exposure. Results . Participants’ median age was 48 months (IQR = 20.75), with an average screen-time of 2.0 hours/day (IQR = 1.425), exceeding recommended guidelines of 1 hour. Children exceeding recommended screen-time had 52% lower odds of readiness, while parental supervision increased readiness odds by 68%. While parental age was associated with readiness, child sex, household income, and educational content showed no significant associations. Conclusion . Excessive screen-time may result in lower readiness, emphasizing risks in low-resource settings. Parental involvement and culturally tailored interventions are vital for early childhood development.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".