Investigating Low-latitude Ionospheric Variations During the 2024 "Mother's Day Storm": Combined Swarm and Ground-Based Observations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Geomagnetic storms significantly impact the morphology and dynamics of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA). The geomagnetic storm of May 10, 2024, also known as the “Mother’s Day Storm”, was the most intense geomagnetic storm in the last two solar cycles. Given its severity, understanding the storm's impact on the ionosphere is crucial. This study investigates the variations of the low-latitude ionosphere during the Mother's Day Storm, utilizing observations from ESA’s Swarm satellites, as well as total electron density (TEC) estimates from the ground.Data from the Langmuir Probes, the Electric Field Instrument (EFI), and TEC derived from GPS receivers onboard The Swarm satellites were used to analyze the F-region ionosphere. Additionally, ground-based TEC maps from the Madrigal database were employed to examine the altitudinal evolution of the EIA structure.Results demonstrate a significant enhancement of the double-peak electron density structure of the EIA during the main phase of the storm (starting around 17 UT on May 10), with evidence of the super fountain effect. The EIA crests reached altitudes above the Swarm B satellite orbit (510 km), extending to approximately 40 degrees north and south of the equator. In contrast, the generation of the EIA was suppressed during the storm's recovery phase. These behaviors are interpreted in the context of storm-induced electric fields.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".