Taiwan's mountain building and landscape evolution: A cosmogenic perspective
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Taiwan is a young arc-continent collisional orogen characterised by rapid exhumation, high relief, and a fluvial and landslide-dominated landscape. The obliquity between the convergence direction and the plate boundary trend creates gradients of uplift and variations in orogenic activity, with an immature orogen in the south, a mature orogen in the central and northern regions, and possible cessation of orogeny in the far north. Channel steepness strongly correlates with erosion rates, suggesting fluvial erosion as the dominant exhumation process, primarily driven by tectonic forcing. These processes maintain a quasi-equilibrium where erosion and uplift rates are nearly equal, shaping Taiwan’s dynamic and rapidly evolving landscape. Over the past two decades, in-situ produced cosmogenic nuclides, particularly 10Be in quartz-bearing rocks, have emerged as essential tools for studying bedrock erosion rates and landscape evolution. Early studies in Taiwan utilised atmospheric 10Be to measure sedimentation rates along continental margins, while later works employed in-situ 10Be to date glacial features, stream terraces, and soils, providing critical insights into surface deformation and climate. Applications of 10Be in modern river sediments revealed its capacity to address orogen-scale surface processes, with studies linking denudation rates to tectonic control in mature orogens. Recent research has refined these approaches, highlighting the effects of landslide sediment on 10Be concentrations and providing detailed spatial erosion patterns at the catchment scale. Building on this foundation, our presentation introduces a comprehensive dataset of unpublished spatial and temporal analyses, offering new perspectives on Taiwan’s topographic evolution. These data enhance our understanding of the interplay between surface processes and the construction of the central mountain range, enriching the broader narrative of Taiwan’s geomorphic evolution and the complexities of erosional processes driven by tectonics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".