Techno-economic analysis of hydrogen and green fuels supply scenarios assessing three import routes: Canada, Chile, and Algeria to Germany
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a detailed techno-economic analysis of hydrogen production and import routes to Germany, assessing the economic viability and strategic benefits of hydrogen imports from Algeria, Chile, and Canada. Utilizing the bespoke HydrogenPathway Explorer tool, which integrates economic, energy, and process engineering frameworks, the study evaluates the cost implications and logistical challenges of these routes. This analysis draws on extensive literature reviews and data from major databases and technical reports processed through a high-level interface that facilitates deep economic and energy insights. The results reveal that current hydrogen costs from Algeria are approximately 5.3 EUR/kg H 2 . Although initial costs for hydrogen shipped from Canada and Chile are higher (around 8.7 EUR/kg H 2 and 6.5 EUR/kg H 2 , respectively), projections for 2030 indicate that Chilean imports could drop to about 4.8 EUR/kg H 2 , becoming highly competitive. By 2050, costs are expected to further decrease, with Algerian pipeline imports potentially reaching 3.4 EUR/kg H 2 , Canadian imports around 4.1 EUR/kg H 2 , and Chilean imports approximately 3 EUR/kg H 2 . The analysis also highlights a significant reduction in transportation costs by 2050, suggesting that liquid hydrogen may become the preferred form of energy for imports from Canada and Chile. The study underscores the importance of diversifying import sources and optimizing supply chains to enhance Germany's hydrogen strategy, contributing to global sustainable energy transitions and the attainment of climate goals. • Algerian hydrogen prices go for ≈ 5.3 EUR/kg H 2 , with potential down to ≈ 3.4 EUR/kg H 2 by 2050. • Chile's hydrogen will become more competitive than today, dropping to ≈ 4.8 EUR/kg H 2 by 2030. • Importing hydrogen from Canada and Chile will cost below ≈ 4.1 EUR/kg H 2 by 2050. • The use of renewable energy is key to lowering hydrogen costs. • Liquid hydrogen is favored for far-off imports by 2050.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".