Numerical Simulation of the Performance of a Combustion-Driven SparkJet Actuator a with Laval Outlet Configuration
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To increase the jet momentum and improve the environmental adaptability, a combustion-driven SparkJet actuator with a Laval-configured outlet is proposed to improve the performance of the actuator. Numerical simulation results show that, compared to straight outlet combustion-driven actuators with outlet diameters of 2 mm and 2.8 mm, the maximum jet velocity of the Laval-configured actuator increases by approximately 100 m/s and 350 m/s, separately. while the peak times decrease by about 50% and 12%, respectively. The work frequency of the Laval-structured combustion-driven actuator is 1333 Hz, which is higher than the 1176 Hz of the straight-tube-structured combustion-driven actuator with an outlet diameter of 2 mm. The Laval configuration effectively improves the working performance of the actuator. As the equivalence ratio increases from 0.6 to 1, the actuator’s jet velocity increases by approximately 65 m/s and 311 m/s, respectively, and its maximum combustion temperature is raised from 2700 K to 3000 K. The saturation work frequency is nearly the same. The pressure and jet mass flow rate in the actuator drop as the atmospheric pressure declines, while the combustion-driven actuator still exhibits high working performance when the atmospheric pressure is low. The maximum outlet velocity, Mach number, pressure, and temperature increase by about 20%, 13%, 25%, and 6%, while the peak time increases by about 40% as the ignition position moves from the middle position to a 2.8 mm displacement toward the outlet.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".