Investigating Surface Gravity and Height Variations due to Glacial Isostatic Adjustment: Insights from GRACE and GRACE-FO Data in Fennoscandia and Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Precise gravity measurements have been consistently collected in Fennoscandia and Canada since the 1960s and 1990s, respectively, using relative gravimeters and later employing absolute gravimeters (e.g., FG5 and A10 absolute gravimeters) to establish gravity reference system and study temporal changes in gravity, e.g. associated with ongoing glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA). In this study, we utilized monthly data from GRACE and GRACE Follow-on, spanning 2003 to 2023, to estimate temporal variations in surface gravity changes, their relationship with land uplift rates, and to determine the upper mantle density associated with viscous mass flow in the mantle. The main focus of this paper is Canada; however, the results will be compared with our previous studies in Fennoscandia. We used the ICE-6G_D land uplift model for Canada and the NKG2016LU regional land uplift model for Fennoscandia for this purpose. The satellite gravimetry results were compared with terrestrial absolute gravity observations collected at 43 stations across Canada and Fennoscandia, respectively.The results derived from GRACE and GRACE Follow-on data show that the ratio between surface gravity and height changes is −0.152 ± 0.010 μGal/mm in Canada and −0.156 ± 0.016 μGal/mm in Fennoscandia aligning closely with findings from terrestrial gravity observations. These values correspond to upper mantle densities of approximately 3736 ± 239 kg/m³ and 3641 ± 382 kg/m³ in Canada and Fennoscandia, respectively. In addition, the results were combined with terrestrial absolute gravimetry results. These findings highlight the importance of satellite gravimetry data and are crucial for GIA modeling and the Earth’s interior parameters.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".