Laboratory investigation of seasonal circulation in a brackish lake subject to ice cover
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Laboratory experiments were conducted in a walk-in freezer containing an open tank filled with brackish water (S=0.4 g/L). We describe the circulation starting with convection and cooling in the ‘fall’ when the air temperature was below freezing (-20 °C). As the water cooled toward the temperature of maximum density, we observed the decay of the convective currents. Then we observed the formation of reverse stratification and the onset of ice cover. The salt excluded at the base of the growing ice generated salt-fingers that transported salt downward (Olsthoorn et al., 2022).Five hours after ice-on, the freezer was set to 10 °C, and air temperature began to rise. As the air temperature approached 0 °C, the salt-fingering decayed. After the air temperature rose above freezing, the circulation was dominated by warming through the side-walls of the tank; this warming generated relatively fresh water flowing downward along the side walls to the bottom of the tank. This freshened the bottom of the water column and initiated inverse salt-fingers or ‘fresh-fingers’. After the ice melted, warming convection was observed. As the water warmed toward the temperature of maximum density, the convective currents decayed. These experiments simulated the expected circulation in a brackish lake subject to ice cover.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".