The influence of adsorption incorporation mechanism on the release of isoniazid by montmorillonite
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Studies on the use of clay as a drug delivery vehicle have increased in recent years. Its applicability in the pharmaceutical field offers a low-cost solution to addressing drug side effects. Among the drugs that may benefit from a controlled release system is isoniazid (INH), a medication used in tuberculosis treatment. However, to enhance the clay-drug loading capacity and improve sustained drug release, the interaction between clay and drug must be thoroughly understood. This study used montmorillonite (Mtt) to develop Mtt-INH hybrids. Adsorption mechanisms were investigated under two pH conditions. At pH 7, where the drug is in its neutral state, two adsorption phases: the formation of a monolayer (20 mg/g) hybrid (a), followed by multilayer adsorption which can exceed 50 mg/g, hybrid (b) were achieved. At pH 2, where the drug protonates and carries a positive charge, the highest loading capacity of 100 mg/g, (hybrid (c) was achieved at the lowest drug concentration. Different from previous studies, the INH release profile was influenced by the amount adsorbed and the clay-drug interactions. For the hybrids (a) and (c), which correspond to monolayer adsorption, the release profile in intestine pH conditions closely followed the Zero Order Model, (R 2 > 0.93). These hybrids exhibited slower release rates than hybrid (b) consistent with their stronger clay-drug interactions observed during adsorption. In vitro cytocompatibility assays demonstrated that neither pristine clay nor hybrid (c) was cytotoxic to fibroblast cells, supporting the potential of Mtt-based systems for pharmaceutical applications. The results may guide future studies to optimize controlled drug release by considering the expected application and the interactions between the clay-drug system and the pH during the adsorption process.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".