Evaluation of seismic monitoring methods from the Aquistore CO2 storage site in Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Aquistore CO2 storage site lies within the Williston Basin in southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada. The storage reservoir is a 200 m thick saline clastic formation at a depth of 3150 m. 600,000 tonnes of CO2 have been injected at the site since 2015. A variety of geophysical monitoring methods have been employed at the Aquistore site. The primary tools for tracking the evolution of the CO2 plume over time are time-lapse (4D) seismic acquired with a permanent 2D array of shallow buried geophones and VSPs using a well-based distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) cable. 3D surface seismic and VSPs have been acquired when injected CO2 amounts were 0, 36, 102, 141, and 272 ktonnes, respectively [1,2], with the most recent surveys conducted in November, 2023 when 566,000 tonnes of  CO2 were injected. The 4D seismic data image a primary CO2  plume within a ~10 m thick high-permeability zone. The plume has continued to expand in sequential 4D images with an interpreted structural flexure/basement fault significantly affecting the flow of CO2 away from the injection well.Other geophysical monitoring methods that have been utilized at the Aquistore site include crosswell seismic tomography and DAS surface seismic acquisition using novel fibre cable configurations. Time-lapse crosswell seismic reflection and velocity images have been obtained using full waveform inversion and VSP-reflection imaging techniques. The observed CO2-related velocity changes are particularly important as they provide a means of calibrating the surface seismic data. Following an initial test of fibre optic cable configurations for surface seismic acquisition [3], a large-scale field test of shallow vertical fibre loops was conducted in November-2023 to record a full 3D dynamite seismic survey at the Aquistore site. A total of 8000 m of tactical optical fibre cable was buried at 80 cm depth along 6 receiver lines of the existing permanent geophone array at the site with the fibre forming a continuous run with 3 m vertical loops installed adjacent to the geophones along the line for a total of 95 spatially coincident fibre loops and geophones. Results from this survey demonstrate comparable imaging results for the data from the geophones and fibre loops.References[1] Roach, L.A.N., and White, D.J., 2018. Evolution of a deep CO2 plume from time-lapse seismic imaging at the Aquistore Storage Site, Saskatchewan, Canada, International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 74, 79-86.[2] Movahedzadeh, Z., Rangriz Shokri, A., Chalaturnyk, R., Nickel, E., and Sacuta, N., 2021. Measurement, monitoring, verification and modelling at the Aquistore CO2 storage site, First Break, 39(2), 69-75.[3] White, D.J., Bellefleur, G., Dodds, K., and Movahedzadeh, Z., 2022. Toward Improved DAS Sensitivity for Surface-Based Reflection Seismics: Configuration Tests at the Aquistore CO2 Storage Site, Geophysics, 87(2), 1-14.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".