Hydroxylation and Hydrogen Diffusion in Lunar Samples: Spectral Measurements During Proton Irradiation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Widespread OH/O has been detected across the lunar surface, but its origin remains a matter of active investigation. We present laboratory measurements of Apollo‐17 samples LS 78421 and LS 73131 that demonstrate, in situ, the formation of OH/O during irradiation by energetic hydrogen ions similar to the solar wind. Results unambiguously show the growth of the 3 m spectral band due to hydrogen irradiation alone with no contribution from terrestrially adsorbed water. Significant variations in the 3 m band characteristics and position are measured between LS 78421, LS 73131, and a control of crushed silica, reflecting the unique crystal structures and chemical environments within each sample. By cycling sample temperatures to 400 K (lunar dayside maximum), we highlight the role of hydrogen diffusion in the dynamics of OH/O within the lunar soil. Diffusion activation energies of 0.66–0.75 eV and 0.72–0.81 eV are obtained for LS 78421 and LS 73131, respectively.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".