A deceptive variety: integrative systematics and phylogeography suggest <i>Adalaria proxima</i> and <i>Adalaria loveni</i> represent a single species (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper we provide a thorough morphological re-examination of the type species of the genus Adalaria (Gastropoda: Onchidorididae), Adalaria loveni, and its closely related species Adalaria proxima in boreal and subarctic seas, together with a molecular phylogeny, and an analysis of the population structure of these lineages. The external morphology, spicule composition, and features of the buccal armature and the reproductive system were studied using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and micro-CT scan technology. The molecular study included the inference of phylogenetic relationships within the family Onchidorididae based on two mitochondrial and three nuclear markers, as well as a COI-based haplotype network reconstruction. Our results show that Adalaria proxima is a trans-Arctic species and conspecific with A. loveni, with a wide geographic range and a high degree of morphological variability, both in colour and morphology of the notal tubercules. Our analysis does not support the monophyly of the genus Adalaria, but we consider it to be premature to introduce new generic names or redefine the concept of Adalaria until a comprehensive phylogeny at species level is available. Two distinct haplogroups were identified in A. proxima; one with individuals from the Pacific, Canadian Arctic, and northwestern Atlantic, and the other with individuals from the northeastern Atlantic and adjacent subarctic regions. This suggests restricted gene flow between the North-East and the North-West Atlantic, with potential genetic exchange between the North-West Atlantic and Pacific populations. One notable characteristic of Adalaria proxima populations is their significant variability in both external and internal morphology.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".