Orogenic architecture diagrams to reconstruct palaeogeography and plate tectonics: Newfoundland (Canada) as a case study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Reconstructing palaeogeography from accretionary records is challenging owing to the difficulty of integrating data sources transcending a range of fields and scales. Here, we present the ‘orogenic architecture diagram’ method to systematically compile geological data in temporal and spatial context at the scale of the ‘building blocks’ of orogens and to use their interpreted geological histories as a base for tectonic and palaeogeographical reconstruction. We identify lower plate-derived Continental or Ocean Plate Stratigraphy, and upper plate-derived ophiolites and magmatic units. We apply this framework to the Newfoundland Appalachians, Canada, which record accretion of oceanic and Gondwana- and Laurentia-derived continental units to Laurentia during the Cambro-Ordovician closure of the Iapetus Ocean. Our diagrams allow for straightforward connection of modern geological records to opening and closure of marginal oceanic basins and illustrate that the Iapetus Ocean itself left little accretionary record. Our approach highlights the source of contrasting interpretations in Newfoundland reconstructions and may motivate targeted field campaigns here and elsewhere within the orogen to interrogate proposed models. Our application to Newfoundland also demonstrates that our protocol, based on modern-style plate tectonics and orogenesis, still applies to early Paleozoic orogens and may provide a tool to reconstruct the emergence of plate tectonics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".