Modelling photo-detection efficiency in SiPMs and measuring the quantum yield of silicon: a flexible model from the UV to the IR
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We will present an experimentally verified model for characterizing the behavior of Single Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) and silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs). This work has been performed in the context of understanding large-scale, next generation physics experiments utilizing a large number of SiPMs. Measurements have been taken under illumination from the UV to the NIR at various bias voltages, angles of incidence and temperatures. This permits a detailed description of optical transmission into the device, the internal structure, and the probabilities of charge carriers producing an avalanche in different regions of the device. We will also present novel measurements of the so-called ‘quantum yield’ in silicon, the number of electron-hole pairs produced in an Si crystal per photon. This has been measured for high energy photons below 350nm via a novel SiPM based technique. This quantum yield information is incorporated into the framework for relevant photon energies. This model can aid in assessing detector performance across a range of optical inputs, characterize nuisance parameters such as optical cross-talk and inform the design of new devices with higher efficiency.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".