Analyzing Partial Shading in PV Systems Using Wavelet Packet Transform and Empirical Mode Decomposition Techniques
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Partial shading in solar photovoltaic (PV) modules typically reduces the output current of the shaded PV module due to the reduction in the irradiance level. Although this phenomenon is temporary in nature, it is considered an intermittent fault, and it is essential for a protection system to differentiate it from other fault conditions to avoid unnecessary tripping. The main problem in identifying partial shading in a PV system is the difficulty of extracting its features under different shading conditions. To solve this difficulty, this article proposes a novel approach combining Wavelet Packet Transform (WPT) along with Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) to extract the features of PV panel output voltage and string current signals during partial shading conditions. In the first stage, the WPT is used to split the PV voltage and string currents into specific sub-band frequencies, and then EMD is used to decompose the selected frequency bands into a number of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) and a residual. The generated IMF components are then fed into the Random Forest (RF) algorithm designed for shading detection and classification. This proposed hybrid technique provides a high-resolution representation of the array voltage and string currents without loss in the time-frequency resolution, aiding in the detection of partial shading and differentiation of its strength. The results indicate that the proposed approach achieved a detection accuracy of 98.43% and a classification accuracy of 97.6%.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".