Development of a standardized single‐session cardiopulmonary exercise test for combined assessment of peak oxygen uptake and on/off‐kinetics
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Peak oxygen uptake () and on/off‐kinetics are key indicators of exercise capacity and health outcomes, but their assessment often requires separate laboratory visits, which limits feasibility. This cross‐sectional study aimed to develop a single cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) for both assessments. We designed a single‐session combined CPET protocol using an upright cycle ergometer in healthy volunteers ( n = 20). was first estimated using an a priori formula. The constant work rate (CWR) part of the test (on‐kinetics) was set to an intensity of 30% . After an incremental test to measure , a 10‐min recovery period was used to evaluate off‐kinetics. Twenty volunteers (9 females and 11 males), 28.0 ± 8.1 years completed the protocol. No significant differences were found between predicted and measured ( P = 0.47). A strong correlation ( r = 0.88) and good agreement (Bland–Altman bias = −0.82 mL kg −1 min −1 ) were found between the calculated/actual individuals’ 30% (mL kg −1 min −1 ) and the measured steady‐state at CWR. The measured exercise intensity at CWR closely matched the target of 30%, with no statistical differences, with an average difference of 0.2 percentage points. Small–medium Cohen's d (0.16) indicated high similarity between predicted and measured . on‐ and off‐kinetics analyses were also performed for all participants with mono‐exponential fittings. A single‐session protocol for the combined assessment of and on/off‐kinetics was developed. This protocol will enable greater recruitment and participation in research and enhanced detail for clinical CPET use. Future research should evaluate intra‐ and inter‐participant reproducibility over repeated sessions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".