A 81.2-83.1 GHz Differential Pulsed Millimeter Wave Voltage-Controlled Oscillator on a 65 nm CMOS Process for Radar and Imaging Applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A differential pulsed millimeter wave (mm-wave) voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) is proposed and designed on a 65 nm 1 -poly 10 -metal ($1 \mathrm{P10M}$) CMOS process for radar and imaging applications. The features of VCO and pulsed oscillators are integrated together. The losses offered by the on-chip inductor are compensated with a widely used NMOS cross-coupled pair by providing a sufficient amount of negative resistance-the feature of pulsed RF oscillations achieved by using a PMOS head switch. The controllability of the oscillation frequency is achieved by using tuning transistors. The tuning range of the proposed pulsed RF VCO is 1.9 GHz, from 81.2-83.1 GHz. The input pulse signal provides bias to the PMOS head switch when its amplitude is zero volts. The proposed pulsed RF VCO occupies an area of $\mathbf{1 7 5} \mathbf{u m} \times 130 \mathrm{um}$. The proposed design results in a phase of $\mathbf{- 8 7. 2 1 ~ d B c / H z}$ at $1 \mathbf{M H z}$ offset for the oscillation frequency of 83.1 GHz. The DC power consumption of the design varies from $8.6-11.6 \mathrm{~mW}$.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".