Vertical Ground Electrode Fault Detection Using Surface Wave Time Domain Reflectometry (SW-TDR) Excited with a Horn Launcher
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A grounding network is an integral part of an electrical power substation. It protects expensive equipment and provides safety to workers. This paper presents a Surface Wave (SW) Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) technique for grounding network health integrity monitoring by detecting faults in vertical grounding electrodes. In SW-TDR, a fast rise-time pulse is applied using a horn launcher into the grounding electrode. The injected pulse travels along the electrode in the form of a transverse magnetic (TM) propagating mode and is reflected at any impedance mismatch, such as a break-point in the electrode. By investigating the reflected signal waveform, the mismatch location and severity can be identified. Theoretical expressions and simulation of the fields of the surface wave guided by a single electrode in a lossy media is presented. A single electrode system with a conical horn launcher is designed and analyzed using full wave electromagnetic simulation to evaluate the wide-band input impedance and then TDR response as obtained by applying FFT. The results show that the SW-TDR is capable of detecting break-points in a grounding electrode for a system bandwidth of 300 MHz.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".