Etiological Agents of Fusarium Crown Rot in Illinois Wheat
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The world is experiencing major changes in both climate and agronomic practices, which are intensifying the need to monitor plant diseases as they expand into new growing regions. Fusarium crown or foot rot is one disease of wheat and other cereals that has previously been the subject of economic concern and research primarily in arid to semiarid regions of the world. Many of the etiological agents involved in Fusarium crown rot (FCR) are cross-pathogenic in head tissues, causing the disease Fusarium head blight and increasing the risk for mycotoxin contamination of foods. During a survey of Fusarium head blight in the Midwestern U.S. state of Illinois in 2022, four soft red winter wheat fields displayed a high incidence of severe crown rot symptoms. The etiological agents of the observed symptoms were identified by translation elongation factor 1α sequencing, which revealed Fusarium graminearum, F. parabolicum, and F. acuminatum as the primary agents of FCR in Illinois wheat. The dominant Fusarium species varied across fields, with recovered isolates spanning five Fusarium species complexes, and a high diversity of likely secondary colonizers was also noted across fields. Lastly, no mycotoxins were detected in the screened wheat heads. Our results highlight the impact of local conditions in driving FCR and pathogen dynamics, even with relatively limited distances between fields. The identification of FCR agents in Illinois will serve as a resource for crop managers and breeders targeting effective control strategies in a changing agroecosystem.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".