Development of enhanced co-continuous PVDF/PET nanocomposites via synergistic effects of graphite particle size, hybrid systems, and reduced graphene oxide
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This study explores the development of electrically conductive co-continuous polyvinylidene fluoride/polyethylene terephthalate (PVDF/PET) nanocomposites incorporating graphite (GR) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) for potential use in proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) bipolar plates. The influence of GR particle size, concentration (20–60 wt%), and hybrid GR/GR and GR/GR/rGO combinations on electrical, thermal, mechanical, and water absorption properties was systematically investigated. Scanning electron microscopy revealed GR localization within the PET phase and the formation of a dense conductive network. The optimal composition, a hybrid G2/G3 (45/15 wt%) system, achieved low through-plane (0.93 Ω cm) and in-plane (0.71 Ω cm) resistivities, further reduced with 2 wt% rGO (0.89 Ω cm through-plane and 0.62 Ω cm in-plane). This formulation also exhibited superior thermal stability (onset degradation at ∼490 °C) and mechanical properties, with a flexural strength of 44.4 MPa and modulus of 16.4 GPa. Additionally, water absorption decreased significantly to 0.05 %. These findings demonstrate the potential of hybrid GR/rGO nanocomposites for enhanced durability and performance in PEMFC applications, offering a balance between electrical conductivity, mechanical strength, and environmental resilience.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".