Five‐Year‐Old Children Identify Emotions in Music Along Valence and Intensity Dimensions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Music is a highly effective medium for communicating emotions among enculturated adults. In Western music, emotion perception is influenced by intensity cues (e.g., tempo and loudness ) and valence cues (e.g., major vs. minor mode ). Here, 5‐year‐old Canadian children ( N = 57, 26 boys, 31 girls, M age = ~5.5 years) and adults ( N = 59, 45 women, 9 men, 5 non‐binary/did not report, M age = ~18.5 years) rated music on valence or intensity. Children's ratings were positively correlated with adults' for both valence ( r = 0.914) and intensity ( r = 0.800) and both groups used similar features to make judgements. Results demonstrate that children perceive valence and intensity in music and point to the importance of testing children's emotion perception across the full valence–intensity dimensional space.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".