The role of ethnicity and polycystic ovary syndrome on pregnancy complications: an analysis of a population database
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine the independent effect of ethnicity on obstetric outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). DESIGN: This was a retrospective, population-based cohort study using data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2004 to 2014. Women with PCOS were identified using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes. Pregnancy, delivery, and neonatal outcomes were compared across ethnic groups. The chi-square tests assessed baseline characteristics, and logistic regression was used to evaluate associations between ethnicity and outcomes, estimating odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). SUBJECTS: A total of 12,782 pregnant women with PCOS were identified between 2004 and 2014, categorized by ethnicity: White (n = 9,107); African American (n = 1,098); Hispanic (n = 1,288); and Asian (n = 741). EXPOSURE: The exposure of interest was maternal ethnicity and its association with pregnancy, delivery, and neonatal outcomes among women with PCOS. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Pregnancy, delivery, and neonatal complications were assessed across ethnic groups. RESULTS: Asian women had a higher odds of having gestational diabetes (adjusted OR [aOR], 1.96; 95% CI, 1.49-2.58), chorioamnionitis (aOR, 3.41; 95% CI, 2.12-5.47), operative vaginal delivery (aOR, 2.42; 95% CI, 1.65-3.56), postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) (aOR, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.25-3.43), and maternal infection (aOR, 2.84; 95% CI, 1.80-4.49). African Americans had a higher risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension (aOR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.06-1.80), preeclampsia (aOR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.15-2.45), preterm premature rupture of membrane (aOR, 2.75; 95% CI, 1.58-4.78), chorioamnionitis (aOR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.12-2.98), and cesarean sections (aOR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.32-2.15) and lower risk of operative vaginal delivery (aOR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.31-0.93), spontaneous vaginal delivery (aOR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.52-0.85), and maternal infection (aOR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.21-3.00). The risk of gestational diabetes (aOR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.06-1.73) and PPH (aOR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.01-2.47) increased among Hispanic patients. Caucasian patients were at lower risk of gestational diabetes (aOR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.57-0.79), chorioamnionitis (aOR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.28-0.55), cesarean section (aOR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.73-0.95), PPH (aOR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.50-0.98), blood transfusion (aOR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.29-0.83), maternal infection (aOR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.27-0.51), and small-for-gestational-age infants (aOR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.44-0.93) and had higher odds of having a spontaneous vaginal delivery (aOR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.10-1.43). CONCLUSION: Among women with PCOS, African Americans have the highest number of increased pregnancy complications, followed by Asians and Hispanics. Caucasians with PCOS have the lowest risk of pregnancy complications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".