Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Obtention of Bluish Anthocyanin Extracts from Butterfly Pea (Clitoria ternatea) Petal Powders Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study focused on improving the extraction of anthocyanins from medicinal plants using green solvents, which is important for the food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics industries. The goal was to optimize the time (15–50 min), temperature (40–80 °C), and petal/solvent ratio (2.5/7%) for the ultrasound-assisted extraction of anthocyanins from Butterfly Pea (Clitoria ternatea), using a natural deep eutectic solvent (choline chloride/glycerol, ChCl:Gly). The extraction was compared with a simple water extraction. To assess stability, we analyzed the anthocyanin content, antioxidant capacity, and color changes over 21 days. The optimal results were achieved using a temperature of 80 °C for 50 min and a 7% petal/solvent ratio. The CHCl:Gly solvent resulted in higher anthocyanin levels (374.65 mg DGE/L) compared to water (211.63 mg DGE/L). After storing the CHCl:Gly extract at 5 °C, only 16% of anthocyanins were lost, while the water extract lost 38%. The CHCl:Gly extract also showed better antioxidant capacity (156.43 µmol/mL). Color changes were less noticeable in the CHCl:Gly extract, especially when refrigerated. These findings demonstrate the method’s effectiveness for producing bioactive extracts, with potential for the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".