Impact of Curing Age and Capillary Action on Microstructural and Stress–Strain Response of a Geopolymer-Stabilized Sandy Soil
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigated the improvement in a type of sand using a geopolymer made of recycled glass powder (RGP) as the base material and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as the alkaline activator. Using maximum uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), the impact of alkaline activator concentration and the RGP content were investigated to determine the optimum mix design. Groundwater level increments were simulated through a laboratory procedure to study the effect of curing age and capillary action on the behavior of stabilized soil. The UCS of samples at different ages (14, 28, 45, and 60 days) and different degrees of saturation (Sr=0%, 20%, 50%, 80%, and 100%) were determined and their stress–strain diagrams were drawn. Using the stress–strain relationships, UCS, modulus of elasticity (Es), shear modulus (G), and resilient modulus (Mr) of the stabilized soil were estimated. The results showed that fully saturated stabilized samples did not disintegrate and exhibited a considerable UCS of up to 1.88 MPa at the age of 60 days. The greatest observed reduction in the UCS through saturation was between Sr=0 to 20%. To further investigate and validate the mechanical results, chemical and microstructural studies including X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were carried out. The results showed that during the curing period, the silicon/aluminum (Si/Al) ratio increased from 2.98 in untreated soil to 4 in stabilized samples, indicating active geopolymerization, which enhanced UCS and reduced the potential for disintegration. Additionally, the crystal size decreased from 53 to 24 nm for the 45-day stabilized samples when the degree of saturation changed from 0% to 100%. This finding suggests that if RGP-based geopolymer-stabilized soil contacts water after fully drying, geopolymerization reactions will resume that involve the dissolution of both crystalline and amorphous phases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".